Parks and U. Her case became bogged down in the state courts, but the federal Montgomery bus lawsuit Browder v. Los Angeles Times.

Retrieved September 13, Raymond Parks. For other uses, see Rosa Parks disambiguation. The Washington Post Magazine. Philip Randolph William H. King C. She herself lived in a neighborhood, Virginia Park, which had been compromised by highway construction and urban renewal. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich. Wright Richard Wright A. Virginia Allan Helen J.

With her body and casket returned to Detroit, for two days, Parks lay in repose at the Charles H. But when I had to face that decision, I didn't hesitate to do so because I felt that we had endured that too long. United States portal Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal Biography portal. Retrieved July 5, Editorial May 17, Retrieved February 27, She paid her fare and sat in an empty seat in the first row of back seats reserved for blacks in the "colored" section. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. Archived from the original on March 9,

She later made her living as a seamstress. In Parks moved with her husband and mother to Detroit , where from to she was a member of the staff of Michigan Congressman John Conyers, Jr. The council facilitated the building of the only black-owned shopping center in the country. Coretta Scott King. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. There Parks was mentored by the veteran organizer Septima Clark. Margaret Kirchner Stevenson Lucile A. Along the route of the funeral procession, thousands of people stood in honor of Rosa and released white balloons as the procession went by. Touched By An Angel.

The next day, Parks was tried on charges of disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation, but the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws. Retrieved July 5, Retrieved April 10, Academy of Achievement. Painter McLaurin v. Retrieved May 12, Gwen Bristow Geneva Mercer. If you work, take a cab, or walk.

Beacon Press. She co-founded the Rosa L. The Peace Abbey Foundation. Michigan Legislature. The first four rows of seats on each Montgomery bus were reserved for whites. Archived from the original on March 9, She lay in repose at the church until the following morning when a memorial service was held in her honor. BBC News Magazine. This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated , and does not reflect subsequent edits. Augustine movement.

Retrieved October 21, Straus Clarissa M. Texas Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. Spingarn Medal winners. Parks did not originate the idea of protesting segregation with a bus sit-in. Although Parks' autobiography recounts early memories of the kindness of white strangers, she could not ignore the racism of her society. Politically liberal , the Durrs became her friends. Transitions: Race, Culture, and the Dynamics of Change.

She persuaded Martin Luther King who was generally reluctant to endorse local candidates to appear with Conyers, thereby boosting the novice candidate's profile. Parks Freedom Chapel in her honor. Archived from the original on October 10, The Daily Collegian. In Parks moved with her husband and mother to Detroit , where from to she was a member of the staff of Michigan Congressman John Conyers, Jr. Although never a member of the Communist Party , she attended meetings with her husband. Parks' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins.

Retrieved April 23, In popular culture Martin Luther King Jr. Smiley A. But please, children and grown-ups, don't ride the bus at all on Monday. Patricia Boyle Elizabeth C. Retrieved October 22, Deutsche Welle. The s were a decade of loss for Parks in her personal life. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S.

November 22, People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. Schools were effectively segregated, and services in black neighborhoods substandard. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. Mother Jones. In addition to African ancestry, one of Parks' great-grandfathers was Scots-Irish and one of her great-grandmothers a part- Native American slave. She also supported and visited the Black Panther school in Oakland.

Voice of America News. Medical bills and time missed from work caused financial strain that required her to accept assistance from church groups and admirers. UNC Press. Gayle resulted in a November decision that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U. Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth. Retrieved December 11, Oklahoma State Regents Baton Rouge bus boycott. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. Retrieved July 31, Papers, " PDF.

Retrieved September 2, Williams Theodore K. We are At that time, Parks was introduced but not asked to speak, despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak; when she asked if she should say something, the reply was, "Why, you've said enough. Conductors were empowered to assign seats to achieve that goal. December 6, Parks went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education, but dropped out in order to care for her grandmother and later her mother, after they became ill. Weekend Edition Sunday.

In she cofounded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development to provide career training for young people. Gwen Bristow Geneva Mercer. One day in , Parks boarded a bus and paid the fare. Taft Pershing R. Main article: Montgomery bus boycott. Painter McLaurin v. Architect of the Capitol. The Women's Political Council was the first group to officially endorse the boycott. We are Download as PDF Printable version.

USA Today. Retrieved November 13, — via Google news. Views Read View source View history. August 2, Around the turn of the 20th century, the former Confederate states had adopted new constitutions and electoral laws that effectively disenfranchised black voters and, in Alabama, many poor white voters as well. Her husband died of throat cancer on August 19, , and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer that November. Brown University was planning to exhibit the house, but the display was cancelled. Retrieved September 1,

Sutton Matilda Dodge Wilson. Gareth Stevens. Episode Parks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs:. Retrieved November 13, I was forty-two. Doris Marie Bender Lottice Howell. Walter P.

She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. Retrieved February 9, Rosa Parks: My Story. After her arrest, Parks became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardships as a result. Black people could not sit across the aisle in the same row as white people. Louise Branscomb Bess Bolden Walcott. October 30, Elizabeth W. BBC News Magazine. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

As the bus traveled along its regular route, all of the white-only seats in the bus filled up. Montgomery bus boycott. Brown v. I had plenty to do without having to end up in jail. Board of Education Bolling v. Penguin Books. September 5, Lightfoot Boynton v.

Brinkley, Douglas. Retrieved October 11, Mikulski Donna E. Retrieved September 1, From an early age, Rosa Parks faced injustice wherever she went and decided that by taking action she could change the world around her. Archived from the original on November 2, Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation, but the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws. She was securely married and employed, was regarded as possessing a quiet and dignified demeanor, and was politically savvy. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree

In , Parks's former residence in Detroit was threatened with demolition. American Public Transportation Association. Rosa Parks: My Story. Retrieved May 4, Mitchell, Jr. Archived from the original on November 2, Parks died of natural causes on October 24, , at the age of 92, in her apartment on the east side of Detroit. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level , just outside the state capital, Montgomery. Retrieved July 9, Federbush Frances Alvord Harris M.

Raymond Parks. Jim Crow". Woodlawn Cemetery , Detroit, Michigan, U. The Times-Picayune. Voice of America News. Retrieved April 3, Retrieved July 31, See Article History. A memorial service was held there the following morning.

January 25, By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. The Washington Post Magazine. Archived from the original on March 14, Highland Community News. Archived from the original adobe flash on December 1, A few years later, she published Quiet Strength , her memoir, which focuses on her faith. Lain in state United States.

I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. McClung Loving v. A few years later, she published Quiet Strength , her memoir, which focuses on her faith. ABC News. Parks Freedom Chapel in her honor. Rosa Parks. The trial lasted 30 minutes. American civil rights movement: Montgomery bus boycott to the Voting Rights Act. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree

Over time and by custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers adopted the practice of requiring black riders to move when there were no white-only seats left. Leon Higginbotham, Jr. Dorothy H. Zora Neale Hurston Frances C. Chicago Tribune. In the evening the casket was transported to Washington, D. Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press. Learning of Parks' move, Little Caesars owner Mike Ilitch offered to pay for her housing expenses for as long as necessary.

When recalling the incident for Eyes on the Prize , a public television series on the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, "When he saw me still sitting, he asked if I was going to stand up, and I said, 'No, I'm not. The notorious Scottsboro case had been brought to prominence by the Communist Party. She later said: "As far back as I remember, I could never think in terms of accepting physical abuse without some form of retaliation if possible. The quoted passages can be seen by clicking through to the text or PDF. Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press. Archived from the original on June 8, Thank you for your feedback. December 1, Retrieved December 22,

On December 1, , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and from there sparked a national civil rights movement for racial equality. From an early age, Rosa Parks faced injustice wherever she went and decided that by taking action she could change the world around her. Spencer Bertha Van Hoosen. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church by a horse drawn hearse. Harriette Simpson Arnow N. December 6, Sports Business Daily. OAH Magazine of History. Resources in your library.

Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. The quoted passages can be seen by clicking through to the text or PDF. Parks was not included as a plaintiff in the Browder decision because the attorney Fred Gray concluded the courts would perceive they were attempting to circumvent her prosecution on her charges working their way through the Alabama state court system. Download as PDF Printable version. Activists formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to boycott the transit system and chose King as their…. In , Parks published Rosa Parks: My Story , an autobiography aimed at younger readers, which recounts her life leading to her decision to keep her seat on the bus. She also disagreed with King and other leaders of Montgomery's struggling civil rights movement about how to proceed, and was constantly receiving death threats. She rode on its integrated trolley. Retrieved March 23,

Hoover Eisenhower Dirksen J. Gareth Stevens. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. February 23, In , Montgomery had passed a city ordinance to segregate bus passengers by race. Crosby Gwen Frostic Elmina R. Retrieved July 21, Retrieved March 11, Painter Hernandez v. Since the founding of the practice in , Parks was the 31st person, the first American who had not been a U.

There was only one Rosa Parks. Smith March 9, Retrieved September 16, January 25, Nancy Batson Crews Rosa Gerhardt. Retrieved January 1, Crosby Gwen Frostic Elmina R. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level , just outside the state capital, Montgomery. Her funeral service was seven hours long and was held on November 2, , at the Greater Grace Temple Church in Detroit.

Lutz Helen Walker McAndrew. Main article: Montgomery bus boycott. Parks and U. April 19, Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press. ABC News. Charro Press. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Wilson Kym L. Her husband quit his job after his boss forbade him to talk about his wife or the legal case.

October 25, This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated , and does not reflect subsequent edits. Parks went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education, but dropped out in order to care for her grandmother and later her mother, after they became ill. In February , she co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development , an institute that runs the "Pathways to Freedom" bus tours which introduce young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites throughout the country. Edwina Donnelly Mitchell Lurleen Wallace. Montgomery bus boycott. Woodlawn Cemetery , Detroit, Michigan, U. Architect of the Capitol. Parks' prominence in the community and her willingness to become a controversial figure inspired the black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year, the first major direct action campaign of the post-war civil rights movement. Lackey on February 22, , when she was arrested again, along with 73 other people, after a grand jury indicted African Americans for organizing the Montgomery bus boycott [28] [29].

On December 1, , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and from there sparked a national civil rights movement for racial equality. Rosa Parks. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. Rosa Parks at Wikipedia's sister projects. Vera Hall Juliette Hampton Morgan. On November 13, , the U. Archived from the original adobe flash on December 1, Retrieved May 28, I was forty-two.

Since the founding of the practice in , Parks was the 31st person, the first American who had not been a U. Archived from the original on November 2, Like many Detroit blacks, Parks remained particularly concerned about housing issues. Augustine movement. Retrieved April 10, Paper Magazine. African-American civil rights activist. In August , black teenager Emmett Till was brutally murdered after reportedly flirting with a young white woman while visiting relatives in Mississippi. June 2,

Blake told her to follow city rules and enter the bus again from the back door. Jim Crow". President Barack Obama sitting on the bus. Penguin Books. Near the middle of the bus, her row was directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers. On December 1, , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and from there sparked a national civil rights movement for racial equality. Namespaces Article Talk. Rosa Parks: Tired of Giving In. December 3, Painter Hernandez v.

The Associated Press. Her heirs and various interest organizations alleged at the time that her financial affairs had been mismanaged. Capitol Rotunda. She also disagreed with King and other leaders of Montgomery's struggling civil rights movement about how to proceed, and was constantly receiving death threats. Dial Books. Retrieved March 11, See Article History. A neighborhood manhunt led to Skipper's capture and reported beating. Retrieved April 10, NBC4 Washington.

Urbana: University of Illinois Press. In spite of her fame and constant speaking engagements, Parks was not a wealthy woman. British Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on March 9, The Women's Political Council was the first group to officially endorse the boycott. Retrieved April 17, Paul African Methodist Episcopal AME church, where she lay in repose at the altar on October 29, , dressed in the uniform of a church deaconess. February 23, Kathryn Tucker Windham.

Tuscaloosa News. In , Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery. Learn about her central role in the Montgomery bus boycotts during the Civil Rights Movement and her accomplishments later in life. Retrieved June 4, March 26, The quoted passages can be seen by clicking through to the text or PDF. Her funeral service was seven hours long and was held on November 2, , at the Greater Grace Temple Church in Detroit. Editorial May 17,

Robinson believed it important to seize the opportunity and stayed up all night mimeographing over 35, handbills announcing a bus boycott. The Washington Post. January 22, Parks rendered crucial assistance in the first campaign for Congress by John Conyers. Over time and by custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers adopted the practice of requiring black riders to move when there were no white-only seats left. Retrieved August 18, King C. Archived from the original on June 14, In popular culture Martin Luther King Jr. In she married Raymond Parks, who encouraged her to return to high school and earn a diploma.

Rosa Parks' Biography. King C. Oklahoma State Regents Baton Rouge bus boycott. August 2, She lay in repose at the church until the following morning when a memorial service was held in her honor. Nancy Batson Crews Rosa Gerhardt. Like many Detroit blacks, Parks remained particularly concerned about housing issues. Download as PDF Printable version. Retrieved July 21, November 22,

Walter P. One of the speakers, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice , said that if it had not been for Parks, she would probably have never become the Secretary of State. She rode on its integrated trolley. Highland Community News. You can afford to stay out of school for one day. In , in her capacity as secretary, she investigated the gang-rape of Recy Taylor , a black woman from Abbeville, Alabama. Download as PDF Printable version. Gayle that it was unconstitutional.

Parks said, "The driver wanted us to stand up, the four of us. Parks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs:. United States Library of Congress. Retrieved May 4, Interviewed by Lynn Neary. Library resources about Rosa Parks. On November 13, , the U. Upon her death in , she was the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda , becoming the thirty-first person to receive this honor.

Bush , funeral Lewis Ginsburg 3 4 Archived from the original PDF on January 21, Its faculty was ostracized by the white community. They encouraged—and eventually helped sponsor—Parks in the summer of to attend the Highlander Folk School , an education center for activism in workers' rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee. Archived from the original adobe flash on December 1, If you work, take a cab, or walk. Wilson Kym L. September 27, On December 1, , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and from there sparked a national civil rights movement for racial equality. Retrieved July 19,

Rosa Parks at Wikipedia's sister projects. She acted as a private citizen "tired of giving in". Academy of Achievement. The No. The driver could move the "colored" section sign, or remove it altogether. Her husband died of throat cancer on August 19, , and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer that November. November 1, May 10,

Mitchell, Jr. She and her husband never had children and she outlived her only sibling. Los Angeles Times. Learn about her central role in the Montgomery bus boycotts during the Civil Rights Movement and her accomplishments later in life. Edwina Donnelly Mitchell Lurleen Wallace. In the s, Parks organized for the freedom of political prisoners in the United States, particularly cases involving issues of self-defense. Reading Eagle. Retrieved November 23, Patricia Boyle Elizabeth C. National Coalition of Black Women.

Due to economic sanctions used against activists, she lost her job at the department store. After the service, an honor guard from the Michigan National Guard laid the U. But as you can see, at this time we still have a long way to go. In Parks moved with her husband and mother to Detroit , where from to she was a member of the staff of Michigan Congressman John Conyers, Jr. As the officer took her away, she recalled that she asked, "Why do you push us around? Archived from the original on August 17, Brown University was planning to exhibit the house, but the display was cancelled. Lightfoot Boynton v.

In , Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series Touched by an Angel. Capitol Rotunda. Retrieved September 1, Edwina Donnelly Mitchell Lurleen Wallace. Retrieved December 27, A Berlin-based American artist, Ryan Mendoza , arranged to have the house disassembled, moved to his garden in Germany, and partly restored. Retrieved November 27, Retrieved December 17,

King C. February 3, The sections were not fixed but were determined by placement of a movable sign. On December 1, , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and from there sparked a national civil rights movement for racial equality. May 16, Retrieved December 27, UNC Press. She grew up on a farm with her maternal grandparents, mother, and younger brother Sylvester. In Parks moved with her husband and mother to Detroit , where from to she was a member of the staff of Michigan Congressman John Conyers, Jr. Deutsche Welle.

Editorial May 17, Retrieved February 27, Press Herald. California and Missouri commemorate Rosa Parks Day on her birthday, February 4, while Ohio and Oregon commemorate the occasion on the anniversary of the day she was arrested, December 1. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument. Parks Freedom Chapel in her honor. Edwina Donnelly Mitchell Lurleen Wallace. Retrieved September 11, On December 1, , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and from there sparked a national civil rights movement for racial equality. Submit Feedback.

Jet : 8. In , Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series Touched by an Angel. Politically liberal , the Durrs became her friends. Tallulah Bankhead Elizabeth Johnston. After her arrest, Parks became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardships as a result. Henrietta Gibbs Loraine Bedsole Tunstall. Painter McLaurin v. In the s, Parks and her husband were members of the League of Women Voters.

Painter McLaurin v. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Linda G. Architect of the Capitol. Activists formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to boycott the transit system and chose King as their…. Retrieved July 22, In , Parks—widowed and without immediate family—rededicated herself to civil rights and educational organizations. The Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Penguin Books. Parks also served on the Board of Advocates of Planned Parenthood. Editorial May 17, Recy Taylor", launching what the Chicago Defender called "the strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade. New York: Scholastic Inc. Archived from the original on September 27, Blake told her to follow city rules and enter the bus again from the back door. Chestnut and Gibson Parks Graham Retrieved February 16, Nina Miglionico.

In the aftermath Parks collaborated with members of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers and the Republic of New Afrika in raising awareness of police abuse during the conflict. If you work, take a cab, or walk. Parks' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. After the service, an honor guard from the Michigan National Guard laid the U. Retrieved March 14, BBC News Magazine. Main article: Montgomery bus boycott. She and her husband never had children and she outlived her only sibling. Thank you for your feedback.